Zero-valent iron nanoparticles and organic amendment assisted rhizoremediation of mixed contaminated soil using Brassica napus

Soil is one of our most important natural resources. Regrettably, the expansion human activities has resulted in degradation soil resource due to contamination with a myriad organic and inorganic compounds. The remediation mixed contaminated soils, i.e. soils both compounds metals, challenging as it requires actions simultaneously decrease metal-induced risks contaminant concentrations. Here, we evaluated effect addition zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nanoremediation) amendments (biostimulation) on rhizoremediation, using Brassica napus plants, zinc (2500 mg kg −1 ) lindane (100 ). We used factorial design three factors (amendment, nZVI, plant) evaluate impact applied extractable Zn concentrations, well health recovery manifested by values different microbial indicators. studied indicators were not negatively affected nZVI application. application was effective factor regarding targeted reduction concentration (51% average treated soils). highest achieved presence B. , (99 95% horse manure-amended sewage sludge-amended respectively). combination led (although significant triple interaction observed for all parameters), especially when combined manure amendment: this case, prokaryotic richness increased 64%, respiration 376%, eukaryotic abundance 333%, 437%, compared untreated soils. approaches (rhizoremediation nanoremediation biostimulation amendments) can help overcome limitations each individual strategy. • improved health. reduced Zn. concentration. communities